Analysis Of The Article History Of Technology By...

Sebastian Arias From the birth of the first single celled organism, to the first dated appearance of the neanderthal, life has been constantly evolving to achieve a greater sense of survival and adaptation. We as human beings have become a prime example of the evolutionary process surpassing the predators which once preyed upon us to becoming the top of the food change. Although our evolution is an amazing feat we have used the knowledge of billions of years of evolution to create something in which blows our evolutionary process into shambles,that something being technology. As our brains developed to the adapt to our surroundings, we became more intelligent and more creative. This gave leeway to our instincts to create. Since the†¦show more content†¦As explained in the Youtube video ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer â€Å" One computer could perform 5000 additions and 1000 multiplications per second† Using vacuum tubes to transfer information it took a who le team of engineers and specialist just to keep the thing working. Costing a whopping $500,000 and weighing 30 tons the ENIAC was a very bulky and awkward invention, but due to its success to complete calculations at a way s faster rate then humans this lead a man named Bell Labs to invent the transistor , a replacement for the vacuums. Transistor allowed information to pass through at a faster rate and took up less space than the vacuums allowing the ENIAC’s to decrease in size. Over the years computers become very cheap to manufacture and took up less space than its ancestors this lead to the creation of the personal computer in 1974. Although missing key features like the mouse and keyboard, this lead to geniuses like, but not limited Bill Gates and Steve Jobs to create what we know today to be the personal computer, or PC. As the number of pc’s increased through the American households its usefulness also increased. Although once used to do basic calculations the household computer was now able to do so much more in such little space. This was all possible due to the

Discrimination And Its Impact On Society - 1971 Words

Nothing is equal. That can be said towards the overall lifestyle of the world, including different areas such as in education and in workplaces. Looking closer into the different kinds of segregation seen in today’s society, I noticed that inequality holds the faà §ade of being benign, considering the way it is currently being held, however it is indeed a contemplating issue. As multiple academic journals, books, and inspirational talks have shown me, discrimination should be seen beyond the simple statistics and facts. In the beginning when I was first researching different articles, all that was given were boring and irrelevant information about inequality. With further investigation, I managed to discover strong voiced opinions that were each unique to their own personal views. Though they seemed bias, with tints of factual evidence, those points made the sources interesting and powerful. In the end, I wanted to outreach the different kinds inequalities seen in todayâ€⠄¢s society, as well as provide distinct solutions for a more equal human environment. I’ve organized the information that I’ve gathered into two main groups, included with three subsections. Firstly, the different types of inequalities will be analyzed, which includes gender, racial, and economic discrimination. However, most of the research that I’ve gathered will be represented within this paragraph, which explains why it contains multiple sub categories. The focus will mainly be seen by variousShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Prejudice and Discrimination on Society1767 Words   |  8 PagesPrejudice, Discrimination, Stereotyping, and Scapegoat. It will also look at two case studies in order to illustrate prejudice and discrimination in action. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice and Discrimination are difficult to separate as they typically appear together. Prejudice is defined as â€Å"A preconceived opinion†. while Discrimination is defined as â€Å"Biased or unfavourable treatment†, both taken from Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus 3 (Oxford University Press, 2001). Discrimination convertsRead MoreGender Discrimination And Its Impact On Society1231 Words   |  5 Pageslocations, societies and time in history. It surrounds us in everyday life and has become normalised to the point that one does not pay a second thought. This concept is often not recognised if not for awareness or education on the subject. Yet, it is also important to think about the causes of such outcomes, for example the use of discrimination. This divides people simply based on their race, sex, age and even gender, often making it hard to grab certain opportunities. Discrimination, in one wayRead MoreRacial Discrimination And Its Impacts On Today s Society1052 W ords   |  5 PagesRacial discrimination has been a controversial topic throughout US history. 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Ive of Collaborative Goal Setting Free Essays

Unit 7 Handout 1: Worksheet Assignment Name: BMA 152 Bookkeeping Fundamentals I Worksheet Assignment Directions: Please complete the following problem: 1. Company A has the following unadjusted trial balance. Write out the following three adjusting journal entries and complete the Company A Worksheet below. We will write a custom essay sample on Ive of Collaborative Goal Setting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fill out the appropriate account name and transaction description for each chart. For the Debit and Credit columns, determine which data entry is to be Debit or Credit and fill out appropriately. Complete this assignment by the end of Unit Nine, 11:55 p. m. PST. a. Company A counts its supplies at the end of the month and finds that it only has $250 worth of supplies remaining on October 31, 2010. Date Account name Transaction description Debit Credit b. Company A receives a payment from Customer XYZ on October 31, 2010 for $2,000 for Customer XYZ’s outstanding receivable. Date Account name Transaction description Debit Credit c. Company A received an invoice from the electric company covering the month of October for $85 and an invoice related to shipping for $200, but Company A did not pay these invoices by October 31, 2010. Date Account name Transaction description Debit Credit Unit 7 Handout 1: Worksheet Assignment Company A Worksheet For Month Ended October 31, 2010 Unadjusted  Trial Balance Debit Cash Adjustments Credit Debit Adjusted  Trial  Balance Credit Debit Credit Income  Statement Debit Credit Balance  Sheet Debit Credit 2,800. 00 350. 00 4,310. 00 Accounts Payable 600. 00 Accrued Liabilities Product  Sales 5,500. 00 Supplies Accounts Receivable Utilities  Expense Supplies Expense Shipping Expense 40. 00 Equity (Capital) 1,400. 00 7,500. 00 7,500. 00 Net  Income Total Instructor’s  Feedback: How to cite Ive of Collaborative Goal Setting, Papers

Love And Devotion Essay Research Paper Love free essay sample

Love And Devotion Essay, Research Paper Love and Devotion Dan and Ann had been waiting for this clip of all time since they fell in love two old ages ago. They were traveling to hold a babe. The gestation had been a perfect one. Dan took really good attention of Ann and the babe for he was a devoted hubby, and had made Ann eat healthy and exercise really good. Everything had been great. One twenty-four hours Dan was half was through a meeting when he received a phone call from Ann. She told him that her H2O had merely broken and her contractions were already truly strong. He knew that he would non be able to acquire place on clip to take her to the infirmary, so he called 911 and have an ambulance sent to his house. Since he couldn? t be at that place for her, he stayed on the phone with her until she told him that the ambulance had arrived and so he raced to his auto. We will write a custom essay sample on Love And Devotion Essay Research Paper Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he arrived, he saw Ann being wheeled on a stretcher. He rushed to her side. Then nurses rapidly moved her up to the pregnancy ward and into her room so they could acquire her hooked up to the proctors to see how she and their babe was making. Once the nurses got her hooked up to the proctor, they noticed that the babe? s pulse was really weak. Dan kept inquiring them what was incorrect and they kept stating him that he would hold to wait for the physician to come. Ann kept shouting from the hurting and kept inquiring for something. The physician eventually came over and explained to them that their babe? s pulse was excessively weak to be delivered of course. He was traveling to hold to make an exigency C subdivision on her. Ann asked him if her babe was traveling to do it and he reassured her that they could hold their babe out every bit shortly as possible. As Ann was being rushed up to the operating room, she couldn? T aid but get down weeping. Her gestation had been so fantastic and she was ready to get down a new life with her kid and now this was go oning and she didn? Ts know why. Once they got her prepped, they allowed Dan to be by her side. The babe was holding a harder clip with each go throughing 2nd. Once the physician opened up Ann, he hurried and got the babe out. The nurses instantly took the babe over to another tabular array and started working on it. Dan was worried because he hadn? t heard the babe call yet, but the physician reassured him that the babe was traveling to be all right. Then he went off to look into the babe and came back in a few proceedingss with a really heavy expression. With a suspiration, he told Dan that their babe had merely died because he wasn? t a healthy one to get down with. Dan was about to conk and wanted to decease, but he couldn? T because of Ann. He knew how devastated Ann was traveling to be. So he decided to be strong and take good attention of Ann. He thanked God that at least Ann was safe. With heavy stairss, he went out of the exigency room. It was later that twenty-four hours when Ann had woken up from the surgery. She was peacefully lying on the bed non cognizing anything. He walked over to her and took her manus in his. She looked at him and smiled. He smiled back at her faintly and looked into her eyes really earnestly. She sensed that something was really incorrect so she asked him what the affair was. Keeping back the cryings hotfooting through his eyes, Dan told her what had happened. He told her that God had chosen to do their babe a guardian angel, merely as God had chosen them to happen one another and autumn in love. Ann let out a loud call and didn? t halt for T along clip. Dan merely held her close and allow her call in his weaponries. At last Samantha stopped and said, ? You did everything you could, Dan. You were a devoted male parent, loyal to the babe and me. Our babe is likely really thankful for what you have done for us. You have done all your responsibilities as hubby and male parent and I thank you for that. I love you, Dan? ?

Simple magic things Review Essay Example

Simple magic things Review Paper Essay on Simple magic things Since flatmate hoisted Fry me to the monthly trek to a favorite bookstore is transformed into a little holiday. I feel a gentle thrill to the little orange paperback book, the reading of which allows to stretch the pleasure. In contrast, for example, the electrons that literally swallowed in one night. So what happened to the simply magical things, a paper version of which, as it turned out, it was all sold out. I had to download and eagerly grasp the meaning of the laptop screen, which, of course, a few spoil the overall impression Simple magic things. another story about how spends his weekdays Sir Max. Despite the fact that this time the action takes place without unplanned Humgat walks in, he was not allowed to miss devoted people Henha in trying to please Freshly ruler bestowed Max once outlandish little animals and a full complement of at least strange ladies in the best traditions of the Arabian Nights. Nevertheless, at the background of this outrage, more like a day of open doors in the Sanctuary of Mad, there is room for philosophical discussions of Max with the Grand Master of the Order of Water Crow, which to some extent are scheduled the way for its further development and determine the direction for the other characters, to whose fates puts his hand Max. Back impossible instead of us always comes back somebody else reflects Ande Pu, who dreams of escape from Echo, and finally received the long-awaited opportunity. Doubt and fear changes in routines pursues not only Ande but Melamori that can n ot We will write a custom essay sample on Simple magic things Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Simple magic things Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Simple magic things Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer to decide on what to give up everything and go to Arvaroh beloved. All their questions Max has a simple answer. There is no reason for worrying, because, first of all, when fate has any plans, she finds the means to make us act according to its script, and secondly, that would be with us did not happen, thats right . The archetype of the Explorer, that somehow can be traced in all the novels Fry appears in this book. Lois Pondohva puts it bluntly: Do you, you know, a real mania set free all those who turned up under the arm, so much you were born, nothing has changed In this regard, Max the conductor, which is capable of not only travel between worlds, but also a certain way influence the fate of the people around him, escorting them in critical moments of life and helping to resolve the internal contradictions.

Free Essays on Censorship On The Internet

Censorship on the Internet Five years after the first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard for judging materials, and censorship is an abridgment of democratic spirit. Firstly, censorship on the Internet is an international issue. The Internet was constructed by the U.S. military since 1960s, but no one actually owns it. Thus, the Internet is a global network, and it crosses over different cultures. It is impossible to censor everything that seems to be offensive. For example, Vietnam has announced new regulations that forbid "data that can affect national security, social order, and safety or information that is not appropriate to the culture, morality, and traditional customs of the Vietnamese people." on June 4, 1996. It is also impossible to ban all things that are prohibited in a country. For instant, some countries, such as Germany, have considered taking measures against the U.S. and other companies or individuals that have created or distributed offensive material on the Internet. If the United States government really wanted to censor the net, there is only one solution - shut down all network links of other countries. But of course that would mean no Internet access for the whole country and that is disgust by the whole nation. Secondly, everyone has their personal judgment values. The decision of some people cannot represent the whole population of those using the net. Many people debate that pornography on the net should be censored because there are kids online. However, we can see there are many kids of pornographic magazin... Free Essays on Censorship On The Internet Free Essays on Censorship On The Internet Censorship on the Internet Five years after the first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard for judging materials, and censorship is an abridgment of democratic spirit. Firstly, censorship on the Internet is an international issue. The Internet was constructed by the U.S. military since 1960s, but no one actually owns it. Thus, the Internet is a global network, and it crosses over different cultures. It is impossible to censor everything that seems to be offensive. For example, Vietnam has announced new regulations that forbid "data that can affect national security, social order, and safety or information that is not appropriate to the culture, morality, and traditional customs of the Vietnamese people." on June 4, 1996. It is also impossible to ban all things that are prohibited in a country. For instant, some countries, such as Germany, have considered taking measures against the U.S. and other companies or individuals that have created or distributed offensive material on the Internet. If the United States government really wanted to censor the net, there is only one solution - shut down all network links of other countries. But of course that would mean no Internet access for the whole country and that is disgust by the whole nation. Secondly, everyone has their personal judgment values. The decision of some people cannot represent the whole population of those using the net. Many people debate that pornography on the net should be censored because there are kids online. However, we can see there are many kids of pornographic magazin...

Art, Literature, and Music in 20th Century Essay

Art, Literature, and Music in 20th Century - Essay Example I feel that the best example of a poet’s response to the devastation of war comes from Owen (1921) who wrote a poem titled Dulce et Decorum Est. The poem shows the horror of war and how useless a death can be if it is based on a lie that death which comes by fighting for one’s homeland is sweet. The First World War was death caused by mechanised warfare where machines and the number of bullets fired became more important than anything else. Owen’s poem is written from the viewpoint of a man who was involved in real battle and saw his friends die around him from gas warfare.The poem begins with a group of soldiers walking away from the battlefield who are attacked with chlorine gas. As try to quickly put on their gas masks, one of them is not quick enough and the poet sees him die a very horrible death (Owen, 1921). Owen writes blank verse with loose iambic pentameter which gives his poem the feel of being disjointed. This is most evident in the ending of the poem where he describes the death of the soldier to the reader using imagery such as lungs filled with blood and lifeless bodies.

Tourism analysis (South Korea) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tourism analysis (South Korea) - Essay Example Some of the significant tourist attractions in Seoul are: Museums such as the National Museum of Korea, the National Folk Museum of Korea, the Seoul Museum of Art (located in the old Korean Supreme Court building behind the Deoksugung Palace), Seodaemun Museum of National History, Seoul Museum of Art (located within Deoksugung Palace), and Seodaemum Prison History hall (Choong-Ki, 110). Facilities: Tourists visiting Seoul find hospitality and respect and this characteristic of Seoul tourism has lead to the booming income from tourism in South Korea. Hotels such as Lotte Hotel Seoul, the Grand Hotel Myeongdong and so on, serve tourists a variety of meals according to their taste and monetary preference. In addition to the hotels, restaurants such as Gusto Taco also offer holiday rental bookings for the tourists. Transportation: International tourists enter the country from the Incheon International Airport, though other international airports like Gimpo, Jeju and Busan are also operational most of the times. In addition to airports, the country of South Korea is has an extensive and modern network of trains and buses that make trips to the various tourist destination sites quick (Airline Industry Information). According to the Travel statistics graph above, the number of international and domestic visitors has generally increased over the last ten years. According to the World Travel & Tourism statistics, travel and tourism contributed about KRW26.7 trillion to the GDP of South Korea. This is in addition to the support of more than a million jobs in the country. This shows that the tourism industry in South Korea is increasing in terms of income and visitors every year. The increase in visitors coming from other countries comes from the subsequent reports of peace and enduring environments for the tourists. Tourism regulation and promotion for South Korea is under an organisation called the

The role of nursing in a mas casualty event Research Paper

The role of nursing in a mas casualty event - Research Paper Example Acts of terrorism, disease outbreaks and natural and man-made disasters can occur anywhere at any time. Some of the disasters for which for which we must be prepared are avian influenza outbreaks, violent storms, bombing, floods, fires and transport accidents. Whatever may be the form of such casualties, in case there is always a need for nurses various services to comply with the crucial needs of such an event. In Zwirn et. al., The International Nursing Coalition for Mass Casualty Education has expressed that every nurse, on graduation from an entry levels, must have knowledge and abilities to respond to emergencies of various forms, and also that if you or your staff are unaware of any such knowledge, then you must work to acquire any such, before you are asked to respond to any emergencies. (Zwirn, et. al., 2006) In short, it is intended that nurses, without the aid to usual medical support, must be able to react in a mass casualty or emergency, affecting a larger group in unusual circumstances. At Columbia University, excellent instructive programs have been developed including the Mailman School of Public Health National Center for Disaster Preparedness and also at the Saint Louis University School of Public Health the Institute for Biosecurity and in last but not the least the certification at the Vanderbilt University School of Nursing called the Mass Casualty Education (Nursing Emergency Preparedness Education Coalition, 2007). Disaster Education All sorts of medical and ethical and social trainings must include the preparedness activities. As stated by Veenema (2003) a number of useful materials can be found at the Federal Emergency Management Agency's website (FEMA), information provided at this website includes disaster fact sheets and special material is available for parents, health professionals and teachers also to guide them as to how to speak to minors about terrorism and casualties. This material is also useful in preparing you and your family to prepare for such incidents. These materials particularly discuss the measures necessary after the very crucial seventy two hours of the emergency, particularly when the possibility of state aid and local help is low. (Veenema, 2003) As volunteers and nurses it is essential that we must know that how available resources at the event of a calamity can be made use of efficiently. To counter such emergencies, it necessary that we must be aware of our society's susceptibilities and also realize the calamity plans and other practical societal activities for instance mock drills. Such experiences are highly useful if we are the first responders in any event, and what if the available persons are the only trained disaster-trained personnel, and how ones behavior would vary if we are to permanently offer our services as caregivers. (Congressional Testimony, 2006) Recognizing Potential Threats Usually nurses are the first trained professionals, to which people approach in the event of some form of casualty. Although most of us haven't experienced disorders that may be regarded as bioterror weapons, it is essential t

Quantitative And Qualitative Research Techniques And Procedures Psychology Essay

Quantitative And Qualitative Research Techniques And Procedures Psychology Essay The term research is usually used interchangeably with investigate, study, explore examine and make inquiries of a specific topic. In general terms, research can be defined as the gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement of knowledge. The Princeton University wordnetweb published some interesting definitions of research including: Attempt to find out in a systematically and scientific manner; Systematic investigation to establish facts inquire into or a search for knowledge; In the scientific and academic terms however, the common use of the team tends to refer to the definition of research in a scientific context where it is used to mean performing a methodical study in order to prove a hypothesis or answer a specific question. This scientific understanding and application of research assumes a research process which involves manipulation of the variables in general with exceptional of process that use case studies and pure observational science for which this generalization does not always hold true. Research methods are technique(s) for gathering data (Harding, 1986) and are generally dichotomized into being either quantitative or qualitative. It has been argued that methodology has been gendered (Oakley, 1998), with quantitative methods traditionally being associated with words such as positivism, scientific, objectivity, statistics and masculinity. In contrast, qualitative methods have generally been associated with interpretive, non-scientific, subjectivity and femininity. C. R. Kothari categories research methods into three main types depending on purpose, area of focus and research approach: i. Depending on its purpose, research is said to be exploratory research which is also divided into two subtypes of descriptive and analytical research. This type of research is purposed to and structured to identify new problems or relationships between phenomena. Thus, it is aimed at describing the state of affairs as it exists and it is usually done through survey to get new facts which are analyzed to find new connections: ii. Based on the focus and the result of the research process, we do find the Constructive research also known as applied research. This type of research is used to develop solutions to practical problem at hand. In this same category, there is Empirical research through which researchers tests the feasibility of a solution using observed data: iii. Based on the approach, research can also be categorized as qualitative or quantitative. This categorization is based on the research methods used. The choice between the two is based on the properties of the subject matter and or the objective of the research. (C. R. Kothari 2004). Those two are the most commonly used categorisations and form the main schools of thought in research. Although they are commonly used together in complex research processes, the merits of one of over the other hotly debated especially in the field of social science research. Due to the scope and space limitation, I do not intend to cover the entire field of scientific research. The reminder of this paper will therefore focus on the examination of these two methods in iii above Looking their key characteristics, date collection and analysis methods, and identifying the respective advantages and disadvantages, validity level and the discussing the contemporary usefulness on the two methods in the research process. Quantitative Research Techniques and Procedures Qualitative analysis is a process that is often the precursor to quantitative, statistical work; a process to make the tacit underpinnings of an issue explicit; a process you can use to deepen your understanding of complex social and human factors that cannot be understood with numbers; a process that helps you figure out what to count and what to measure (Kerlin, 1999, p. 1). Some of the common methods of carrying out quantitative research are surveys and observations. Surveys are commonly carried out either the respondent or the researcher filling in questionnaires. While observational research involves the research watching or observing various behaviors and patterns. Mary other different kinds of quantitative research methods are used besides the surveys and observations. More complicated forms of quantitative research are experimental research or mathematical modelling research (Peter J.P. Donnelly J.H, 2000). In the social sciences, quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships. The process will involve the development and use of the different mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena to measure empirical observation and mathematical expression that evidence the quantitative relationships. Although this research approach is commonly used in the social sciences such as psychology, sociology and anthropology, quantitative research mathematical sciences such as physics is also quantitative by definition, though this use of the term differs in context. In the social sciences, the term relates to empirical methods, originating in both philosophical positivism and the history of statistics, which contrast qualitative research methods. (http://en.wikipedia.org) One of the key characteristic of quantitative research is that it Involves analysis of data like numerical date, word, pictures and objects. (Miles Huberman (1994) Qualitative Research Techniques and Procedures Qualitative research is a generic term for investigative methodologies described as ethnographic, naturalistic, anthropological, field, or participant observer research. It emphasizes the importance of looking at variables in the natural setting in which they are found. Interaction between variables is important. Detailed data is gathered through open ended questions that provide direct quotations. The interviewer is an integral part of the investigation (Jacob, 1988). This differs from quantitative research which attempts to gather data by objective methods to provide information about relations, comparisons, and predictions and attempts to remove the investigator from the investigation (Smith, 1983). According to Andrew (2007), qualitative research is a method of inquiry appropriated in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when. Hence, smaller but focused samples are more often needed, rather than large samples. According to Andrew (2007), qualitative research is used to denote approaches which are supported by a set of hypotheses concerning the way the social world functions. It deduces many of its basic principles from the perspective that there are fundamental differences between the science of human world and science of natural world and consequently needs to use distinctive methods. Here, attention is focused upon looking at the world through the eyes of studied objects and upon evolving concepts and theories which are grounded in the collecting data. So, qualitative research connected with own accounts of the individuals of their attitudes and behavior. The significance of qualitative research consists in setting stress on describing, understanding complex phenomena. It investigates, for instance, the relationships and patterns among factors or the context in which the activity happens. It is concentrated on understanding the full many-dimensional picture of the subject of investigatio n. Qualitative methods produce information only on the particular cases studied, and any more general conclusions are only hypotheses (informative guesses). Qualitative research is aimed at deepening our understanding about phenomenon, and will usually involve going beyond surface analysis of numbers and the statistics to the deeper meaning behind story being told by the numbers. It aims to gives the reasons and establishes causal relationships. It is often contrasted to quantitative research which focuses on the quantitative elements of phenomena. In practice however, the two methods are often used together to get to the bigger picture. Face-to-Face Interviews and Focus Groups The most common forms of qualitative research are face-to-face interviews and focus groups. Face-to-face interviews are just that: Meeting someone in person and discussing various issues. The informant or person you are interviewing may be an expert in a particular field (e.g. the editor of a newspaper) or they may be someone who is affected by the issues you are researching (e.g. someone who is HIV positive or who reads the media). Focus groups involve discussions with two or more participants. While questions for focus groups need to be prepared to guide and focus the discussions, the responses are often free-ranging, as the participants are encouraged to explore the issues at hand in an in-depth way. While focus groups and interviews will help you develop explanations for quantitative data, sometimes they can provide you with quantitative data themselves Basic Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Techniques Quantitative and qualitative research methods differ primarily in: their analytical objectives the types of questions they pose the types of data collection instruments they use the forms of data they produce the degree of flexibility built into study design The key difference between quantitative and qualitative methods is their flexibility. Generally, quantitative methods are fairly inflexible. With quantitative methods such as surveys and questionnaires, for example, researchers ask all participants identical questions in the same order. The response categories from which participants may choose are closed-ended or fixed. The advantage of this inflexibility is that it allows for meaningful comparison of responses across participants and study sites. However, it requires a thorough understanding of the important questions to ask, the best way to ask them, and the range of possible responses. Qualitative methods are typically more flexible that is, they allow greater spontaneity and adaptation of the interaction between the researcher and the study participant. For example, qualitative methods ask mostly open-ended questions that are not necessarily worded in exactly the same way with each participant. With open-ended questions, participants are free to respond in their own words, and these responses tend to be more complex than simply yes or no. In addition, with qualitative methods, the relationship between the researcher and the participant is often less formal than in quantitative research. Participants have the opportunity to respond more elaborately and in greater detail than is typically the case with quantitative methods. In turn, researchers have the opportunity to respond immediately to what participants say by tailoring subsequent questions to information the participant has provided. Merriam (1988) provided a basis for differentiating qualitative and quantitative research techniques based on their characteristics. Characteristics of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Point of Comparisons Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Focus of research Quality (nature, essence) Quantity (how much, how many) Philosophical roots Phenomenology, symbolic interaction Positivism, logical empiricism Associated phrases Fieldwork, ethnographic, naturalistic, grounded, subjective Experimental, empirical, statistical Goal of investigation Understanding, description, discovery, hypothesis generating Prediction, control, description, confirmation, hypothesis testing Design characteristics Flexible, evolving, emergent Predetermined, structured Setting Natural, familiar Unfamiliar, artificial Sample Small, non-random, theoretical Large, random, representative Data collection Researcher as primary instrument, interviews, observations Inanimate instruments (scales, tests, surveys, questionnaires, computers) Mode of analysis Inductive (by researcher) Deductive (by statistical methods) Findings Comprehensive, holistic, expansive Precise, narrow, reductionist However, there is a range of flexibility among methods used in both quantitative and qualitative research and that flexibility is not an indication of how scientifically rigorous a method is. Rather, the degree of flexibility reflects the kind of understanding of the problem that is being pursued using the method. Merits of Quantitative Analysis The use of surveys permit a researcher to study more variables at one time than is typically possible in laboratory or field experiments, whilst data can be collected about real world environments. The usefulness of a survey is that the information you get is standardized because each respondent the person who fills out the questionnaire is answering the exact same questions. Once you have enough responses to your questionnaire, you can then put the data together and analyze it in a way that answers your research question or what it is you want to know. Since case studies follow a structured format, different situations can be compared or analyzed comparatively. Case studies are typically short (often no more than 5 pages long) and usually only contain the essential information needed to present a situation and, if necessary, to describe and properly analyze a problem. Quantitative data can determine when students have achieved or failed a task, and they can provide national ranking, percentiles, and allow researchers to conduct comparison analyses. Nevertheless, they cannot provide the total picture of why a particular student has either succeeded or failed (Burnaford et al., 2001; Gall et al., 1996 and Mc Bride Schostak, 2000). In quantitative research, the researcher neither participates in nor influences what is being studied; thus, he/she examines the circumstances objectively. In some qualitative research, the researcher may play a more subjective role and participate by being immersed in his/her research. That is, the observer may be the teacher or the facilitator. This role is often the case with when action research, case studies, and focus groups are used in educational research. Advantages of surveys Good for comparative analysis. Can get lots of data in a relatively short space of time. Can be cost-effective (if you use the Internet, for example). Can take less time for respondents to complete (compared to an interview or focus group) Specific concrete example; Can help with problem solving; Are often interesting to read. Demerits of Quantitative Analysis A key weakness of quantitative analysis is that it is very difficult to realise insights relating to the causes of or processes involved in the phenomena measured. There are, in addition, several sources of bias such as the possibly self-selecting nature of respondents, the point in time when the survey is conducted and in the researcher him/herself through the design of the survey itself. It could be argued that the quantitative researcher is more precise, but the response would be that with people it is not possible to be so precise, people change and the social situation is too complex for numerical description. Quantitative research has a tendency to clarify where clarification is not appropriate. (Mc Bride Schostak, 2000, pp. 1-2) Disadvantages of Surveys Responses may not be specific. Questions may be misinterpreted. May not get as many responses as you need. Dont get full story. Can take time to develop; Depending on format, may need some level of good writing skills; Do not usually give broad overview of issue at hand. Merits of Qualitative Techniques The approaches of the qualitative research differ from the methods of the quantitative research. Quantitative methods have their aim in dividing into clearly defined parts, or variables. When we research an issue which we know how to quantify, for example, what can be quantified for sure, we may leave out the factors which are crucial to the real understanding of the phenomena under study (Andrew, 2007). Qualitative methods are helpful not only in giving rich explanations of complex phenomena, but in creating or evolving theories or conceptual bases, and in proposing hypotheses to clarify the phenomena. Besides, value of the qualitative research consists in validity of the information received; people are minutely interviewed so as the obtained data would be taken as correct and believable reports of their opinions and experiences. Its major disadvantage is that small group of interviewed individuals can not be taken as representative (Andrew, 2007). Case studies involve an attempt to describe relationships that exist in reality, very often in a single organization. Case studies may be positivist or interpretivist in nature, depending on the approach of the researcher, the data collected and the analytical techniques employed. Reality can be captured in greater detail by an observer-researcher, with the analysis of more variables than is typically possible in experimental and survey research. Another type of qualitative analysis is site visits. Site visits help you understand your research better; site visits (e.g. when you visit an organization, a manufacturing plant, a clinic or a housing project) are very useful and sometimes even necessary ways of gaining additional insight and making your theoretical information concrete in your mind. They allow you to observe what is going on, and to ask questions you may not have thought about. Qualitative research has a phenomenological focus that can provide an enriched and detailed description of the participants actions and/or viewpoints (Veronesi, 1997). Advantages of Face-to-Face Interviews Can allow for in-depth knowledge sharing; Helps to develop the bigger picture; Helps with analysis of results; Good for networking (e.g. you may be referred to other people to interview). Advantages of Focus Groups Good for community participation (grassroots input); Helpful in developing ideas and sharing latent, or hidden, knowledge spontaneously; Enables you to get information from a number of individuals simultaneously. Advantages of Site Visits and Observation Demerits of Qualitative Analysis Case studies can be considered weak as they are typically restricted to a single organization and it is difficult to generalize findings since it is hard to find similar cases with similar data that can be analyzed in a statistically meaningful way. Disadvantages of Face-to-Face Interviews Can be time consuming; May be difficult to arrange an interview time; Can be difficult to compare and analyze information. Disadvantages of Focus Groups Can be difficult to set up; Participants may need to be paid; Need to be sensitive to who the facilitator is; May need a translator; Sometimes difficult to organize and analyze information. Disadvantages of Site Visits and Observation Take time; Can be expensive (depending how far you need to travel); With observation in particular, you need to be careful how you interpret what you see. With site visits, you may want to make sure you have a guide so that you can ask questions However, the disadvantage of the quantitative as well as qualitative research is that they do not always underpin understanding of multi-dimensional pictures (Andrew, 2007).

Effect Of Alexander Graham Bell On Todays Society Essay -- Biography

The importance of Alexander Graham Bell on today's society is visible, or rather audible, everywhere. First and most importantly, Alexander Graham Bell was a prolific teacher of the deaf. He considered this to be his true life's work, but only one of the many important things he did. With his great research of speech and sound, he would become one of the greatest inventors of all time. His own definition of an inventor is "a man who looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world." suits him well. Every thing that he did had an impact on someone, and it was true that he wanted to improve the world. Alexander Graham Bell was born Aleck Bell in Edinburgh, Scotland, Melville and Eliza Symonds Bell. His father, Melville Bell, invented Visible Speech, a code of symbols for all spoken sounds that was used in teaching deaf people to speak. His mother, Eliza Bell, was deaf, this lead Melville and Alexander to exploration in the subject of teaching deaf people. Alexander Bell studied at Edinburgh University in 1864 and worked with his father at University College, London, from 1868-70. During this time, he became deeply interested in the study of sound and the mechanics of speech, inspired in part by the audio experiments of German physicist Hermann Von Helmholtz, which gave Bell the idea of telegraphing speech. When young Bell's two brothers died of tuberculosis, Melville Bell took his family to the healthier climate of Canada in 1870. From there, Aleck Bell went to Boston, Massachusetts and in 1871 and joined the staff of the Boston School for the Deaf. In 1872, Bell opened his own school in Boston for training teachers of the deaf. In 1873 he bec... ...ham Bell. New York: Harry S. Abrams, 1997 "Alexander Graham Bell" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "Telephone" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 1 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "Alessandro Volta" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "United States Patent and Trademark Office" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 4 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. Hounshell, David A. "Bell, Alexander Graham." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Brodsky, Arthur R. "Telephone." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Christiansen, John B. "Deafness." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Brodsky, Arthur R. "Telegraph." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. .